Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is the most common spinal cord disease of dogs, being responsible for 2.3–3.7% of admissions to veterinary hospitals ( 1, 2). The review focuses primarily on canine IVDH due to its frequency and vast literature as opposed to feline IVDH. The following review will provide a comprehensive overview on common imaging modalities reported to aid in the diagnosis of IVDH including IVDE, IVDP, ANNPE, HNPE, and IIVDE. Novel advanced imaging applications are being explored in dogs but are not yet routinely performed in clinical patients. Computed tomography with or without myelography and MRI is currently utilized most widely and have become the focus of most contemporary studies on this subject. Myelography addresses some of the constraints of survey radiographs but has largely been supplanted by cross-sectional imaging. While radiographs can provide useful information, especially for identifying intervertebral disc degeneration or calcification, there are notable limitations. Given how common IVDH is in dogs, a thorough understanding of the indications and limitations for each imaging modality to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis is essential to successful case management. Many imaging techniques have been described in dogs with roles for survey radiographs, myelography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These include intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP) and more recently recognized forms such as acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE), hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE), and intradural/intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE). Imaging is integral in the diagnosis of canine intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and in differentiating subtypes of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). 4Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
3Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States.2Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.Lewis 3, Holger Volk 4 and the Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) da Costa 1 *, Steven De Decker 2, Melissa J.
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